| 特性、思想 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 分层结构 | 内核分多层,每层可单向调用更低一层提供的接口 | 1.便于调试和验证,自底向上逐层调试验证 | 1.仅可调用相邻低层,难以合理定义各层的边界 |
| 2.易扩充和易维护,各层之间调用接口清晰固定 | 2.效率低,不可跨层调用,系统调用执行时间长 |
| 模块化 | 将内核划分为多个模块,各模块之间相互协作。内核=主模块+可加载内核模块主模块:只负责核心功能,如进程调度、内存管理可加载内核模块:可以动态加载新模块到内核,而无需重新编译整个内核 | 1.模块间逻辑清晰易于维护,确定模块间接口后即可多模块同时开发 | 1.模块间的接口定义未必合理、实用 |
| 2.支持动态加载新的内核模块(如:安装设备驱动程序、安装新的文件系统模块到内核),增强OS适应性 |
| 2.模块间相互依赖,更难调试和验证 |
| 3.任何模块都可以直接调用其他模块,无需采用消息传递进行通信,效率高 |
| 宏内核(大内核) | 所有的系统功能都放在内核里(大内核结构的OS通常也采用了“模块化”的设计思想) | 1.性能高,内核内部各种功能都可以直接相互调用 | 1.内核庞大功能复杂,难以维护 |
| 2.大内核中某个功能模块出错,就可能导致整个系统崩溃 |
| 微内核 | 只把中断、原语、进程通信等最核心的功能放入内核。进程管理、文件管理、设备管理等功能以用户进程的形式运行在用户态 | 1.内核小功能少、易于维护,内核可靠性高 | 1.性能低,需要频繁的切换 用户态/核心态。用户态下的各功能模块不可以直接相互调用,只能通过内核的“消息传递”来间接通信 |
| 2.内核外的某个功能模块出错不会导致整个系统崩溃 | 2.用户态下的各功能模块不可以直接相互调用,只能通过内核的“消息传递”来间接通信 |
| 外核(exokernel) | 内核负责进程调度、进程通信等功能,外核负责为用户进程分配未经抽象的硬件资源,且由外核负责保证资源使用安全 | 1.外核可直接给用户进程分配“不虚拟、不抽象”的硬件资源,使用户进程可以更灵活的使用硬件资源 | 1.降低了系统的一致性 |
| 2.使系统变得更复杂 |
| 2.减少了虚拟硬件资源的“映射层”,提升效率 |
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700
],
"type": "text",
"content": "多数系统将处理器特权级划分为管态和目态。",
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]
}
]
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"content": "所谓特权指令（清内存、外部设备输入输出、修改特殊寄存器、改变机器状态等）。使用",
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},
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"type": "text",
"content": "系统中所有资源等等权限。",
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"index": 2,
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"type": "text",
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"content": "至下、从0开始依次编号",
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"content": "息以脉冲串的形式记录再写轨迹中。磁道由外向内，从0开始顺序编号。",
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"content": "速度不一样。",
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"angle": 0,
"index": 6,
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"spans": [
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"content": "出或写入。",
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"index": 8,
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"type": "text",
"content": "还有其余字段",
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"type": "text",
"content": "磁盘/硬盘——文件系统",
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"type": "inline_equation",
"content": "\\cdot >",
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"content": "内核态：由中断引发，硬件自动完成变态过程，触发中断信号意味着操作系统夺",
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"content": "取CPU的使用权。",
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"type": "text",
"content": "硬件 PS 和 PC",
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"score": 1.0
}
]
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"score": 1.0
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"content": "需要的其他信息：中断/异常、错误码",
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}
]
}
]
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"index": 7,
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"content": "SS ：段地址",
"score": 1.0
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"type": "text",
"content": "ESP： 端内偏移量",
"score": 1.0
}
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}
]
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"content": "按中断功能分类",
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"type": "text",
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