| 特性、思想 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 分层结构 | 内核分多层,每层可单向调用更低一层提供的接口 | 1.便于调试和验证,自底向上逐层调试验证 | 1.仅可调用相邻低层,难以合理定义各层的边界 |
| 2.易扩充和易维护,各层之间调用接口清晰固定 | 2.效率低,不可跨层调用,系统调用执行时间长 |
| 模块化 | 将内核划分为多个模块,各模块之间相互协作。内核=主模块+可加载内核模块主模块:只负责核心功能,如进程调度、内存管理可加载内核模块:可以动态加载新模块到内核,而无需重新编译整个内核 | 1.模块间逻辑清晰易于维护,确定模块间接口后即可多模块同时开发 | 1.模块间的接口定义未必合理、实用 |
| 2.支持动态加载新的内核模块(如:安装设备驱动程序、安装新的文件系统模块到内核),增强OS适应性 |
| 2.模块间相互依赖,更难调试和验证 |
| 3.任何模块都可以直接调用其他模块,无需采用消息传递进行通信,效率高 |
| 宏内核(大内核) | 所有的系统功能都放在内核里(大内核结构的OS通常也采用了“模块化”的设计思想) | 1.性能高,内核内部各种功能都可以直接相互调用 | 1.内核庞大功能复杂,难以维护 |
| 2.大内核中某个功能模块出错,就可能导致整个系统崩溃 |
| 微内核 | 只把中断、原语、进程通信等最核心的功能放入内核。进程管理、文件管理、设备管理等功能以用户进程的形式运行在用户态 | 1.内核小功能少、易于维护,内核可靠性高 | 1.性能低,需要频繁的切换 用户态/核心态。用户态下的各功能模块不可以直接相互调用,只能通过内核的“消息传递”来间接通信 |
| 2.内核外的某个功能模块出错不会导致整个系统崩溃 | 2.用户态下的各功能模块不可以直接相互调用,只能通过内核的“消息传递”来间接通信 |
| 外核(exokernel) | 内核负责进程调度、进程通信等功能,外核负责为用户进程分配未经抽象的硬件资源,且由外核负责保证资源使用安全 | 1.外核可直接给用户进程分配“不虚拟、不抽象”的硬件资源,使用户进程可以更灵活的使用硬件资源 | 1.降低了系统的一致性 |
| 2.使系统变得更复杂 |
| 2.减少了虚拟硬件资源的“映射层”,提升效率 |
","page_idx":4,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-2"},{"bbox":[87,438,146,454],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"# 整体结构","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":4,"id":"072bec82-c93c-442b-b503-d4e44b6231f4","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-3"},{"bbox":[94,488,273,501],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"（实内核、单体结构模型、五结构模型）","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":4,"id":"464816ee-d231-480a-bd8d-4d3935f2e83b","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-4"},{"bbox":[87,524,146,540],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"# 模块结构","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":4,"id":"edf16bbd-3fe8-4420-abab-6b04f279d6a5","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-5"},{"bbox":[88,575,227,587],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"# 内核 $\\vdots = \\quad$ 主模块 $^ { \\cdot + }$ 可加载内核模块","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":4,"id":"56fd81fb-6b04-4dd9-b9db-c4574f04441a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-6"},{"bbox":[127,592,159,599],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"# (2）模块化","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":4,"id":"e508b2e3-046c-46d1-aa80-f112bccc1495","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-7"},{"bbox":[110,599,367,631],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"模块化是将操作系统按功能划分为若干个具有一定独立性的模块。每个模块具有某方面的管细分为若于个具有一定功能的子模块，同样也规定好各子模块之间的接口。把这种设计方法称为模块-接口法，图1.3所示为由模块、子模块等组成的模块化操作系统结构。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":4,"id":"bca54867-c967-4a97-b5ce-4667828e10d1","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-8"},{"bbox":[147,631,332,699],"index":9,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/e69c964be106eeacaf5865ef396bec7634a04679e60136cabe8d99355bdc30f0.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.31092436974789917,"page_idx":4,"id":"69eb101e-db2d-4e5d-aae4-e5a7e0a72154","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-9"},{"bbox":[202,700,217,708],"index":10,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/9f25d2409b7b1cb76f651d2bb31b67e1203f824c22cfb68b6fa1a67b1fc77dfd.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.2,"page_idx":4,"id":"7bb20b36-273e-4f12-be3e-c25a26629bf3","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"4-10"}],[{"bbox":[88,85,147,101],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"# 层次结构","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":5,"id":"585a06da-d42d-4b7a-967d-d45c3dddf624","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-0"},{"bbox":[107,155,274,321],"index":1,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/e05652a813ec6f7a256792d2232771ea60b9eeb292d961a51d378ac2d9fb67ae.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.280672268907563,"page_idx":5,"id":"40ca9246-0aae-443c-ac51-5ef216a02f02","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-1"},{"bbox":[87,374,160,391],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"# 微内核结构","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":5,"id":"353cba2e-48d6-4a2b-8e84-fed0a67be77c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-2"},{"bbox":[94,424,186,438],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"（Client/Server 模型 ）","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":5,"id":"57a6e1e2-b8f7-40f2-9bc1-f1c75c6d6ecc","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-3"},{"bbox":[88,460,160,477],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"# 宏内核结构","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":5,"id":"f6f3a8b4-6eae-4736-81d4-e7ddf0c207b9","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-4"},{"bbox":[105,523,398,666],"index":7,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/6e2d51ead79a58653df6b25e0c7b4a490d7e20c8c221d4d7e189140182ec8603.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.492436974789916,"page_idx":5,"id":"2430d20d-284b-4c4b-b364-375912c7607e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"5-5"}],[{"bbox":[86,84,226,103],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"# OS 的其他分类方法","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"0a93b536-2a7b-44d2-8a91-91460c1ba254","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-0"},{"bbox":[86,140,255,153],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"– 用户数量：单用户 OS，多用户 OS","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"174f7bb4-d886-4677-915a-055249d06a33","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-1"},{"bbox":[87,155,255,168],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"– 任务数量：单任务 OS，多任务 OS","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"2dcf03ec-4c08-443e-b06e-71447c8129b8","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-2"},{"bbox":[86,171,345,184],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"单用户单任务 OS，单用户多任务 OS，多用户多任务 OS","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"4b47f7e4-e07c-4848-a394-9720e4a08b55","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-3"},{"bbox":[86,186,401,200],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"– 计算机体系结构：微机 OS，网络 OS，多处理机 OS，分布式 OS 等","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"2d65f513-2ac3-43de-98e0-c56768646fea","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-4"},{"bbox":[86,221,235,239],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"# 操作系统的硬件基础","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"a61e2f3d-7dfc-4f2a-bc13-23cfc865a620","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-5"},{"bbox":[87,312,133,328],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"# 处理器","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"1c3be67a-fa4a-453c-937a-29bece24f5aa","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-6"},{"bbox":[87,369,161,386],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"# 处理器指令","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"870afa29-4456-4b61-baf4-7ece899b6694","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-7"},{"bbox":[86,419,427,433],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"计算机的所有操作都是由处理器指令（机器指令或计算机指令）所决定的","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"de0edf41-b102-4ddb-af3e-494ee726553c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-8"},{"bbox":[86,435,505,463],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":9,"text":"每条处理器指令包含处理器执行所需的信息：操作码、源操作数、目的操作数和下一条指令地址","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"df67a1b6-1ab8-4079-b872-5ed343e89fd5","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-9"},{"bbox":[87,466,238,479],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":10,"text":"寻址方式：指令寻址和数据寻址","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"073bafe1-a643-4268-ba4d-1f6954dcc428","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-10"},{"bbox":[87,502,133,518],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":11,"text":"# 寄存器","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"6a80a36b-3d6d-402a-8c8b-69233aa0c87d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-11"},{"bbox":[86,553,506,582],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":12,"text":"CPU的控制部件中，包含的寄存器有指令寄存器IR和程序计数器PC、算术逻辑单元有累加器ACC。包括通用寄存器、专用寄存器和控制寄存器。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"05a9ba97-53aa-4264-bac3-8ae04cb7dd93","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-12"},{"bbox":[87,604,175,621],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":13,"text":"# 处理器特权级","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":6,"id":"6254fc7b-8413-43f9-ac03-0466bee27d1d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-13"},{"bbox":[86,655,442,667],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":14,"text":"计算机系统中运行的程序可以分为两大类：操作系统的管理程序和用户程序。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"fef0787d-4510-4d1d-bc54-d8ca91eda6d0","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-14"},{"bbox":[86,671,430,684],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":15,"text":"即，CPU 上会运行两种程序，一种是操作系统内核程序，一种是应用程序。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"c4e785c8-76b3-4385-9968-1bd1289e11af","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-15"},{"bbox":[87,686,295,699],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":16,"text":"多数系统将处理器特权级划分为管态和目态。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"c7c3b182-596e-4997-b832-90063dfa46f8","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-16"},{"bbox":[86,702,442,714],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":17,"text":"管态又称为系统态、核心态等，是操作系统管理程序运行时处理器所处状态。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"59f7341b-1c8c-4d70-90b4-3fc3de00391c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-17"},{"bbox":[86,717,505,745],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":18,"text":"所谓特权指令（清内存、外部设备输入输出、修改特殊寄存器、改变机器状态等）。使用系统中所有资源等等权限。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"7a58ac17-d7cf-48c5-ad13-6bcaf6c62b06","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-18"},{"bbox":[87,749,367,761],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":19,"text":"目态又称为用户态，时用户程序执行时处理器其所处的状态。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":6,"id":"231110dc-1290-4a20-85ad-b00650724a97","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"6-19"}],[{"bbox":[88,85,133,101],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"# 存储器","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":7,"id":"3df5d8b0-5c69-44da-958e-f17de80a3bda","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-0"},{"bbox":[105,136,186,148],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"磁盘的工作原理。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"ce5f3e07-72b2-418a-9d89-1f3a97107858","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-1"},{"bbox":[105,151,503,179],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"1、盘面。每个盘片又两个盘面。每一个这样的有效盘面都由一个盘面号，按顺序从上至下、从0开始依次编号","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"c5049806-a2b5-45fb-b112-5fe3a85832dc","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-2"},{"bbox":[122,183,414,195],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"磁面号又叫磁头号，因为每一个有效盘面都有对应的读写磁头。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"d13825b0-f344-4a19-9d09-65508b1608f0","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-3"},{"bbox":[105,198,503,227],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"2、磁道。磁盘在低级格式化时被划分成许多同心圆。这些痛惜暖的轨迹叫做磁道。信息以脉冲串的形式记录再写轨迹中。磁道由外向内，从0开始顺序编号。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"af6ccc5b-5956-4e01-8993-6e2bbb9a4fd5","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-4"},{"bbox":[122,229,503,258],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"每条磁道不是连续记录数据，而是划分成一段段圆弧。这些圆弧的角速度一样，线速度不一样。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"6576c7a0-fa97-4da5-90cd-c49de82e533a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-5"},{"bbox":[102,260,504,289],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"每一段圆弧叫做一个删去，删去从 1 开始编号。每个删去中断数据作为一个单元读出或写入。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"f027f4cb-8975-4827-ab8a-3dbe4ec7e19c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-6"},{"bbox":[105,291,504,336],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"3、柱面。所有盘面上的同一磁道构成一个圆柱，称作柱面。每个援助上的磁头由上而下从0开始编号 。数据的读写按柱面进行，即从0磁头开始进行从左。只有同一柱面上所有磁头全部读写完毕后，磁头才转移到下一柱面。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"68bcfece-4d35-47e4-9f88-a813aff26154","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-7"},{"bbox":[121,338,503,367],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"选取磁头只需通过电子切换，但是柱面必须通过急切切换。所以数据的读写按柱面进行，而不是盘面进行。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"4246cbe5-b02c-4fbe-a807-5dff0e463636","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-8"},{"bbox":[86,370,504,397],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":9,"text":"4．扇区。操作系统一扇区的形式将新抄袭存储在硬磁盘上。每个扇区包含两个主要部分：扇区标识符和存储数据的数据段。512B","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"b8d50324-2b9d-4d02-b842-f00692705dcc","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-9"},{"bbox":[86,401,505,428],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":10,"text":"扇区标识符，又称为扇区头标，包括组成山区三维地质的三个数字：1、盘面好 2柱面号3扇区号，也叫做块号","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"7dd8577e-e03a-4812-a30a-68c2aa8db8ee","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-10"},{"bbox":[129,432,195,444],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":11,"text":"还有其余字段","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"70a73ee6-89d7-4d19-b6a5-1466d619ae00","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-11"},{"bbox":[86,479,149,491],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":12,"text":"CPU——进程","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"819ba050-cc46-4a7b-b2de-5b3c64e5bb7f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-12"},{"bbox":[87,494,206,507],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":13,"text":"内存（主存）——存储器","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"8f8bc666-ffde-45a0-9015-9e27a4828423","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-13"},{"bbox":[87,510,200,523],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":14,"text":"磁盘/硬盘——文件系统","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"812c49d0-d609-4eb8-8e5f-4d672bc4a4c8","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-14"},{"bbox":[88,523,362,644],"index":15,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/259250d3ec3eb138fab880fb1fa77f031ae6e877c4cae498908c44e44622d37b.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.46050420168067224,"page_idx":7,"id":"d7eb3b36-f943-45e1-8455-a21d24e2111e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-15"},{"bbox":[88,668,170,687],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":16,"text":"# 中断和时钟","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":7,"id":"9616840c-8c10-4461-9f80-cb5d937a004d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-16"},{"bbox":[86,724,433,737],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":17,"text":"中断会使得 CPU 由用户态变为内核态，使操作系统重新夺回对 CPU 控制权。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"8551cdb3-b199-4406-a448-68f5361da13e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-17"},{"bbox":[86,740,504,753],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":18,"text":"内核态->用户态，执行一条特权指令修改 PSW的标志位为用户态。这个动作意味着操作系","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":7,"id":"49466f98-53b7-4adf-b8d4-3542880abe32","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"7-18"}],[{"bbox":[86,79,178,91],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"统将主动让出 CPU。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"a5d65380-cce9-4233-a204-40bba1621986","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-0"},{"bbox":[86,95,504,122],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"用户态- $\\cdot >$ 内核态：由中断引发，硬件自动完成变态过程，触发中断信号意味着操作系统夺取CPU的使用权。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"3d0a7344-3926-4f4c-a801-207659f1a6ac","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-1"},{"bbox":[87,126,220,137],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"响应中断时，保存到主存中。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"2d888714-0523-46ab-9b09-38a66dfe2822","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-2"},{"bbox":[87,142,150,153],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"硬件 PS 和 PC","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"9cd18581-1218-4a57-9cac-30f13dd42eaf","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-3"},{"bbox":[87,157,178,169],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"中断/异常处理程序","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"838e17c8-db8a-4453-bfe2-ea4c27208aac","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-4"},{"bbox":[87,173,164,185],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"所有通用寄存器","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"28d06c21-75b5-4e1f-92a1-1dca76a6d14f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-5"},{"bbox":[87,188,262,200],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"需要的其他信息：中断/异常、错误码","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"b0958c9d-d0b5-441d-b6ca-100686014bc5","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-6"},{"bbox":[87,204,144,216],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"SS ：段地址","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"7bec62ef-1a28-429c-8d38-329b5c25e718","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-7"},{"bbox":[87,220,170,232],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"ESP： 端内偏移量","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"cb343f51-a786-4549-8cd1-2ce2c3a64b3e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-8"},{"bbox":[87,235,164,247],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":9,"text":"按中断功能分类","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"960c5468-65a4-4e5d-8968-8a6098a7615e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-9"},{"bbox":[87,250,284,263],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":10,"text":"1、输入输出中断I/O 传输结束或出错终端","id":"d9bed306-0c8d-431b-ad02-d75f1a5dc147","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-10"},{"bbox":[87,266,329,279],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":11,"text":"2、外中断：时钟中断、操作员控制中断、通信中断","id":"245b3615-03ad-43a3-9f2d-61b04fdd5521","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-11"},{"bbox":[87,281,308,294],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":12,"text":"3、机器的故障中断：电源故障、主存取指令等","id":"99f90de9-3c0a-401e-9b27-eab5d590b8a8","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-12"},{"bbox":[86,297,339,310],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":13,"text":"4、 程序性中断：（？）溢出、用户态下用核心态指令","id":"2c16a549-a542-48a0-93f8-5977f3c60e6c","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-13"},{"bbox":[87,313,150,325],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":15,"text":"5、访管中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"c82ba9a5-af7c-4f19-b2ff-999367c4793e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-14"},{"bbox":[87,328,236,341],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":16,"text":"要么是执行用户态中的代码——","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"1bee5b99-a2d2-4dbd-be9c-730b03ceb617","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-15"},{"bbox":[87,343,215,356],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":17,"text":"要么执行核心态的代码——","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"d5095976-2cd1-4999-8a30-0d22a0d30280","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-16"},{"bbox":[331,379,383,398],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":20,"text":"# 九曲阑干","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":8,"id":"3877204f-92bb-4951-b26a-3b43c875b8d6","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-17"},{"bbox":[114,401,385,542],"index":21,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/1b44b5af64decdd77f6ae83d8478a33f80e2c7fce32681c40b28d11d46adfec7.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.45546218487394957,"page_idx":8,"id":"56fc2a0a-1901-4e46-9983-d81db03334ca","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-18"},{"bbox":[87,546,132,560],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":22,"text":"系统调用","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"d4be436c-d10d-4059-9d0f-a5ab446cc50c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-19"},{"bbox":[87,562,142,575],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":23,"text":"用陷入指令","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"15831063-48d9-44a1-94f1-328635ab5c99","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-20"},{"bbox":[87,577,164,590],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":24,"text":"操作系统的启动","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"a280e7d7-46e4-46fd-b7f4-e790e93fafd7","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-21"},{"bbox":[87,593,195,605],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":25,"text":"操作系统存储在硬盘上","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"b1ec1185-0363-4a9a-86ce-0cfa454b716a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-22"},{"bbox":[87,608,258,621],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":26,"text":"操作系统从硬盘加载到内存里去运行","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"de9b18b3-e0c6-4c82-9ff6-dab858d8de5f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-23"},{"bbox":[87,624,241,637],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":27,"text":"CPU执行的第一条指令来自哪里？","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"a1f9afec-034d-4168-8772-8aa18c22205d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-24"},{"bbox":[87,640,164,652],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":28,"text":"将 CS 和 RIP 复位","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"8126c243-c862-44ea-b5cd-0905c7d70301","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-25"},{"bbox":[87,655,333,669],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":29,"text":"从 ROM（BIOS 程序）中读取 basic input/output system","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":8,"id":"6d91bcf9-1538-4d38-9884-2739e676c90b","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"8-26"}],[{"bbox":[87,73,364,236],"index":0,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/436cfb9a722aa06ea9e117cdd76ede7e5e6d1b16475e90a82da6601c667367a5.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.46554621848739497,"page_idx":9,"id":"c9fb005c-08c8-4cf6-a09e-0dd9a65dca39","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-0"},{"bbox":[95,243,274,257],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"1.上电自检(POST，Power-on Self-Test)","id":"b631c238-ed4b-46ac-8295-f6b8e64b56bb","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-1"},{"bbox":[96,268,178,280],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"2.初始化硬件设备","id":"b29bee94-4b64-4b88-a40c-92877ab4c2a9","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-2"},{"bbox":[96,293,324,306],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"3.搜索一个操作系统来启动。例如：硬盘、U盘、光盘","id":"aff51a90-36d5-4365-a442-94b2e59906b2","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-3"},{"bbox":[96,319,343,348],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"4.找到有效的设备后，把第一个扇区的内容拷贝到内存中起始地址是0x00007c00，然后跳转到这个地址处","id":"4815055a-59e8-4717-a86d-587f3d24fb28","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-4"},{"bbox":[298,360,342,376],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"# 九曲闲干","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":9,"id":"581d6c56-24e9-4c81-957a-8ca855d9b1fc","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-5"},{"bbox":[103,383,345,396],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":9,"text":"扇区，磁盘基本的读写单位，通常一个扇区大小是512个字节5B","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"aebce481-fd0c-438f-928e-fe1f0e01b603","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-6"},{"bbox":[105,401,315,413],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":10,"text":"·硬盘的第一个扇区称为主引导记录（MBR，Master Boot Record）","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"247e173e-f0cb-4914-9fba-c3e34b1777d1","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-7"},{"bbox":[112,417,255,428],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":11,"text":"·引导程序（bootloader），大小446 Byte","id":"d6e7171c-c355-431a-b144-c30aa2abd9fb","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-8"},{"bbox":[111,431,342,444],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":12,"text":"","id":"c484bc69-8c64-44f6-bf71-7c777f405786","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-9"},{"bbox":[112,452,193,462],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":14,"text":"引导程序（boot loader）","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"e007f5ab-d3d4-4355-8468-b9102e5e9ac7","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-10"},{"bbox":[111,466,324,476],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":15,"text":"根据分区表的信息，寻找操作系统所在的具体分区，加载操作系统","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"602f24e3-fe3b-4e15-9d12-b774e7eff27c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-11"},{"bbox":[98,503,287,518],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":16,"text":"由于空间的限制，引导程序一般需要两步","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"dce0318b-cd9f-4582-a1dd-f382972d9515","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-12"},{"bbox":[110,523,235,537],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":17,"text":"","id":"029b554d-de29-4db3-b4d5-f8ba32ce57d7","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-13"},{"bbox":[109,546,277,561],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":18,"text":"·第二步，分区引导程序执行内核的加载","id":"6addfbca-aa29-48a2-83a1-b81bdd8f8497","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-14"},{"bbox":[91,579,416,656],"index":20,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/92622f4b31f4c2e16b7acc7dc470a52316dfb0d702766d7e86671d56eb15d494.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.5462184873949579,"page_idx":9,"id":"a37e71a4-1400-4235-b830-6c0423d51a4a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-15"},{"bbox":[86,702,379,715],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":21,"text":"中断一般是异步的，由硬件随机产生，中断信号来自 CPU 外部。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"156174eb-3ab6-446f-9963-9f4ca97b1e92","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-16"},{"bbox":[86,717,503,746],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":22,"text":"异常一般是同步的，在特殊的或出错指令执行时由 CPU控制单元产生，中断信号来源于CPU内部，内中断。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"2eec6a32-0196-4e25-a547-e77cf384a605","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-17"},{"bbox":[86,749,504,762],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":23,"text":"中断进一步可分为屏蔽中断和非屏蔽中断。可屏蔽中断是由程序控制器屏蔽行的中断，处","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":9,"id":"e862532c-dc7f-4c9a-b463-5a7d5b44d05b","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"9-18"}],[{"bbox":[86,79,282,91],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"于屏蔽状态时，处理器忽略该类中断信号。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"beb8a5e5-661f-4958-be4a-44f0146b321d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-0"},{"bbox":[86,95,272,106],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"非屏蔽中断，不能由程序控制其屏蔽性。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"1689c558-ba6d-4b49-93fa-9793ea3961fc","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-1"},{"bbox":[87,110,146,121],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"异常又包括：","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"efb8419e-5e92-48f8-a280-5c6bf730e420","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-2"},{"bbox":[88,126,160,137],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"# 1、处理器异常","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":10,"id":"abb5c659-41e4-4e8b-b0ac-e25aecee5d0f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-3"},{"bbox":[105,142,129,153],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"故障","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"ffb959c3-3839-438d-aa50-6a35daea0995","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-4"},{"bbox":[106,157,129,169],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"陷阱","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"95e45069-5635-49d5-b827-b2015407fbf0","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-5"},{"bbox":[106,173,149,185],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"异常终止","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"604538ad-0a30-4a24-a530-51eca6533370","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-6"},{"bbox":[87,188,149,200],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"# 2、编程异常","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":10,"id":"f663e4fd-3d27-4709-bc2f-44dadaa242de","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-7"},{"bbox":[88,203,132,215],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"# 屏蔽中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":10,"id":"fb35d544-cd7a-49cb-9888-38185493b850","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-8"},{"bbox":[86,217,286,237],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":9,"text":"对于单处理器系统，最简单的方法就是每个进程刚刚进入临界区后，立即屏蔽所有中断，在离开之前再打开中断。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"328e1b5f-4582-4b6b-b1a4-fcf418f42c1a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-9"},{"bbox":[86,241,263,249],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":10,"text":"CPU只有发生时钟中断或者其他中断时，才会进行进程切换。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"c4d7dd8a-d9c0-4b9d-b8a3-8739020c7076","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-10"},{"bbox":[86,260,255,269],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":11,"text":"对于多核处理器，屏蔽中断只对执行屏蔽指令的CPU有效","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"95e82306-fa8b-4359-a926-e65b76021305","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-11"},{"bbox":[86,278,289,286],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":12,"text":"对于内核来说，当使用几条指令更新变量时，将中断屏蔽是很方便的","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"9ad91a8c-00d4-461a-954b-19d06b82da0a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-12"},{"bbox":[86,294,284,311],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":13,"text":"一种合适的通用互斥机制。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"876f82b9-1870-49c0-a201-a69cd3ed93a5","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-13"},{"bbox":[86,327,504,356],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":14,"text":"用户获得中断的权限会有系统风险。一个进程禁止中断后，一直没有开放中断，会影响系统的正常运行。","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"id":"1365eb8f-be58-4b70-a5cd-8efcdeaf487f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-14"},{"bbox":[105,396,243,413],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":15,"text":"# 中断/异常混淆的概念","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":10,"id":"f054416b-2f36-4fd4-81e6-9e454487aaf8","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-15"},{"bbox":[368,395,427,417],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":16,"text":"# 九曲闲干","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":10,"id":"43290572-82fb-473e-af77-efe0a51e0bf1","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-16"},{"bbox":[101,423,314,454],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":17,"text":"·操作系统启动时，分配和初始化一个跳转表","id":"1ca54f96-4b66-4243-8646-3d60cc570ea7","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-17"},{"bbox":[102,470,315,482],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":18,"text":"","id":"00e876e2-67d9-49d7-8ecd-bf9344242e59","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-18"},{"bbox":[102,495,315,523],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":19,"text":"例如：缺页故障、缺页异常、缺页表示同一含义","id":"98b25a43-07d8-47e3-8b45-30674e83a078","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-19"},{"bbox":[103,541,406,575],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":20,"text":"Intel手册中将中断分为内中断和外中断，内中断与异常表示同一含义","id":"a9842901-9946-44a0-b341-bc19dd99f2b4","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":10,"page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"10-20"}],[{"bbox":[88,75,595,259],"index":0,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/f1ad9accb4893c0dea1c5bf85152beef8e22c2e50d5b85e4ad7aa6c886cfb9a5.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.8521008403361344,"page_idx":11,"id":"7c5fdb71-3048-4f17-a401-663182cd837a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-0"},{"bbox":[88,285,119,302],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":1,"text":"# 中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":11,"id":"8fda17a3-29d1-4b21-9556-578883bdff28","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-1"},{"bbox":[88,336,333,350],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"当前 CPU 执行完指令，中断引脚电压变高说明有中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"ed2c5079-19df-479c-8283-078d0986587b","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-2"},{"bbox":[88,352,164,365],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"然后去响应中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"d1f7c672-057b-43bd-9360-ebe2378c098e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-3"},{"bbox":[88,368,132,380],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"时钟中断","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"5a5df6b5-1a4f-448c-9c99-d134f3662b26","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-4"},{"bbox":[88,384,148,396],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"I/O中断请求","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"34faab60-2dcd-4937-b652-a4779c79ffbe","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-5"},{"bbox":[88,399,152,412],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":6,"text":"不同中断信号","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"2ceee0e0-a9a8-4dae-a321-46a4cf26da41","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-6"},{"bbox":[88,415,143,428],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":7,"text":"中断向量表","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"6edac028-5643-4a13-9f95-8cf7e09a503a","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-7"},{"bbox":[88,430,206,443],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":8,"text":"中断处理程序处于内核态","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":11,"id":"40bd5b70-a4bb-4e67-94e0-449d3d20649f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-8"},{"bbox":[88,444,411,550],"index":9,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/dfc01753df0f69c7b2be3aaf2ac24667df63af7b54165d5495774ccc83b32e15.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.5428571428571428,"page_idx":11,"id":"7cc6ea9f-7dd0-4ee3-9b2d-a49d44f7be96","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"11-9"}],[{"bbox":[88,84,120,101],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"# 陷阱","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":12,"id":"f28d3be5-35bf-4b8b-9ddf-a78b2af6d264","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-0"},{"bbox":[88,132,477,343],"index":1,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/b78e84d58dc676643c80c101240c825e813e9e9047cf52b9742db6689be3753d.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.653781512605042,"page_idx":12,"id":"4a59a5c9-4031-4e1d-bfbd-21919e1cca3d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-1"},{"bbox":[87,374,119,390],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"# 故障","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":12,"id":"d5c869d8-dadb-4c68-b3f3-3b8a48449e3f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-2"},{"bbox":[86,424,279,439],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"缺页故障、缺页异常——地址不在内存中","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":12,"id":"ae7cfff2-732e-4450-84ff-eb5f4cbaf275","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-3"},{"bbox":[88,440,207,453],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"保护异常——地址不合法","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":12,"id":"d12d1189-b4f5-4eb6-b670-d66105250a9f","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-4"},{"bbox":[88,456,227,468],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"因此需要再次取一次故障指令","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":12,"id":"90f779b2-a4d3-46df-aed6-2c817ac1413b","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-5"},{"bbox":[88,469,508,590],"index":6,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/47e683f97cfcb1e83fd0f5380803eae1066353b0d0b847f7b75dd6b2e0db8779.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.7058823529411765,"page_idx":12,"id":"1689448a-0c11-4dce-aded-556c789558b2","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"12-6"}],[{"bbox":[88,85,119,101],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":0,"text":"# 中止","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":13,"id":"ce75808b-d0df-40e9-af4b-ff2b9c52dd3e","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-0"},{"bbox":[88,132,523,255],"index":1,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/4a31576b14a791537c99077ff350c866216ba52927e7321a2fa4f99fbff197d1.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.7310924369747899,"page_idx":13,"id":"ee5faf4a-34dd-4c3e-b3c3-35c5c0497b56","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-1"},{"bbox":[88,296,132,312],"type":"title","angle":0,"index":2,"text":"# 异常表","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"level":1,"page_idx":13,"id":"f6c480fb-0f7d-4e15-83c8-7fc9c07760d8","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-2"},{"bbox":[88,347,154,359],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":3,"text":"存储在内存中","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":13,"id":"07e4b603-6e7c-4f77-b7ec-7a8a46cd256c","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-3"},{"bbox":[88,362,185,375],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":4,"text":"异常号相当于偏移量","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":13,"id":"7dd2c1cb-6d19-40c3-a984-9908c742e985","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-4"},{"bbox":[88,378,174,391],"type":"text","angle":0,"index":5,"text":"找到异常处理程序","color":{"line":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)","fill":"rgba(13, 83, 222, 1)"},"page_idx":13,"id":"98c3fe10-320f-4523-8552-f72d0676f6dd","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-5"},{"bbox":[88,391,284,481],"index":6,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/8c1cdb8de23cdc4bf55f3d3ee93d37ff2f4bc25332daeb2d15e48f53afcb64ff.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.32941176470588235,"page_idx":13,"id":"278e7b5f-0226-490b-92bb-b987ff42735d","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-6"},{"bbox":[88,500,333,567],"index":7,"angle":0,"type":"image","img_path":"/3e8b269fca3357d31be03b7a3ce82320dbe231c6298538f573b31b85ae00d202.jpg","color":{"line":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)","fill":"rgba(89, 92, 220, 1)"},"img_ratio":0.4117647058823529,"page_idx":13,"id":"c653e466-b2f9-49b4-b71c-131e4ead39f4","page_size":[595,841],"block_position":"13-7"},{"bbox":[102,587,428,687],"index":8,"angle":0,"type":"table_body","img_path":"/","id":"3d24339f-f23f-43f1-92db-b1098e71a70a","color":{"line":"rgba(103, 194, 63, 1)","fill":"rgba(103, 194, 63, 1)"},"table_body":"